Estimates of Lost Material Stock of Buildings and Roads Due to the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

This article describes research conducted for the Japanese government in the wake of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck eastern Japan on March 11, 2011. In this study, material stock analysis (MSA) is used to examine the losses of building and infrastructure materials after this disaster. Estimates of the magnitude of material stock that has lost its social function as a result of a disaster can indicate the quantities required for reconstruction, help garner a better understanding of the volumes of waste flows generated by that disaster, and also help in the course of policy deliberations in the recovery of disaster‐stricken areas. Calculations of the lost building and road materials in the five prefectures most affected were undertaken. Analysis in this study is based on the use of geographical information systems (GIS) databases and statistics; it aims to (1) describe in spatial terms what construction materials were lost, (2) estimate the amount of infrastructure material needed to rehabilitate disaster areas, and (3) indicate the amount of lost material stock that should be taken into consideration during government policy deliberations. Our analysis concludes that the material stock losses of buildings and road infrastructure are 31.8  and 2.1 million tonnes, respectively. This research approach and the use of spatial MSA can be useful for urban planners and may also convey more appropriate information about disposal based on the work of municipalities in disaster‐afflicted areas.     

小麦-大麦矮秆易位系T2DL·2HS的鉴定

利用形态学、细胞学及分子标记技术对从普通小麦和农家二棱大麦的杂交后代中选育的矮秆种质系WB7-3进行了鉴定。结果表明:WB7-3田间农艺性状较好,且表现为矮秆;根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2n=21Ⅱ,基因组原位杂交(GISH)未出现杂交信号;位于大麦2H染色体短臂上的特异STS引物ABC454能在WB7-3中扩增出大麦特征条带,表明WB7-3含有大麦2HS的染色体片段;利用210对位于小麦各条染色体上的SSR引物对其进行扩增结果显示,2DS上4对引物(Xgdm35、Xgdm5、Xgwm261和Xgwm455)在WB7-3中有条带缺失,由此确定该小大麦矮秆材料WB7-3是一个2DL/2HS小片段易位系。     

水稻半矮化多分蘖突变体f2-132的表型分析和基因定位

半矮化多分蘖突变体f2-132由60Co-γ辐射诱变粳稻品种F2-285A获得。遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性基因控制,已将突变基因定位在第4染色体长臂上2个Indel标记C4-Z3和C4-Z4之间,物理距离为46 kb。该区间内包含一个已报道的多分蘖基因D17/HTD1,对f2-132中的D17基因测序发现编码区第395位的碱基由T突变为C,导致第132位的氨基酸由苯丙氨酸变成丝氨酸。D17/HTD1编码类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶7(CCD7,carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7),是植物激素独脚金内酯(SLs,strigolactones)合成途径中的重要酶之一。利用SLs的人工合成类似物GR24处理f2-132,其多分蘖表型受到抑制。     

抗黄矮病小麦-中间偃麦草易位系基因组可转化人工染色体文库的构建及初步筛选

利用抗黄矮病小麦 -中间偃麦草易位系HW6 4 2的细胞核DNA构建了一个可转化人工染色体 (transformation competentartificialchromosome,TAC)文库 ,文库由 2 .3× 10 6 克隆构成 ,重组率为 90 .4 8% ,平均插入片段大小为 2 2kb左右 ,约覆盖普通小麦单倍体基因组 2 .5倍 ,在该文库中分离得到单拷贝DNA序列的几率约是 95 .77%。文库保存在 2 4块 96孔板中 ,每个孔中约含有 10 0 0个不同的重组克隆 ,可以采用PooledPCR的方法对文库进行筛选。用来源于小麦的简单重复序列 (simplesequencerepeat,SSR)引物wms37扩增中间偃麦草、抗病易位系及感病材料 ,得到一条与抗性共分离的特异条带 ,约 4 5 0bp。将此特异标记条带转化为SCAR(sequencecharacterizedamplifiedregion)标记 ,用于筛选HW6 4 2基因组TAC文库 ,得到 12个阳性克隆。对阳性克隆进行了PCR Southern验证 ,以中间偃麦草基因组总DNA为探针与限制酶HindⅢ消化后的阳性克隆杂交 ,其中 10个阳性克隆分别有 1～ 6条杂交带 ,结果表明 ,这 10个阳性克隆可作为抗黄矮病相关基因筛选的候选克隆     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因位点的微卫星标记

通过混合遗传模型P1、P2 、B1、B2 、F1、F2 6世代联合分析发现 ,玉米 (ZeamaysL .)自交系黄早四对玉米矮花叶病B株系的抗性是由一对主基因和多基因共同控制 ,从而鉴别出一对主效基因的存在 ;利用位于第六染色体上的 2 7对微卫星标记 ,对黄早四×Mo17的F2 群体进一步分析 ,筛选出两个与主效抗病基因 (mdm1(t) )紧密连锁的微卫星标记phi0 77和bnlg391,它们在分子图谱上的顺序为phi0 77 mdm1(t) bnlg391,两个区间的遗传距离分别是 4.74centiMorgan (cM)和 6 .72cM。     

巴西蘑菇原种培养基的筛选

以麦草、稻草、棉籽壳、玉米秸、木屑、麦粒、玉米粒和麦麸为原料 ,从 2 0种培养基中筛选出 2种适合巴西蘑菇菌丝生长的原种培养基。用这 2种培养基生产的菌种 ,菌丝粗壮、洁白、浓密 ,萌发快。     

A new method for the preservation of fungus stock cultures by deep-freezing

Recovery of 66 fungus stock cultures including Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and mitosporic mycetes were examined after cryopreservation. Almost all the stock cultures remained viable when the mycelia that had grown over the sawdust medium containing 10% glycerol as the cryoprotectant (65% moisture content, W/W) were frozen rapidly at −85°C and then allow to thaw naturally at room temperature. Test stock cultures were preserved for more than 10 years by this preservation method without any programmed precooling and rapid thawing for their cryopreservation. Most of the test fungi could survive for 5 years in medium containing 10% glycerol even after alternate freezing and thawing at intervals of 6 months. When a strain of Flammulina velutipes was tested for mycelial growth rate and productivity of fruit-bodies after cryopreservation for 3 years, the fungus reproduced with its initial capability. These results demonstrate that the sawdust-freezing method using a cryoprotectant is expected to be a reliable and easy preservation method for fungus stock cultures. Received: December 7, 2000 / Accepted: December 19, 2001     

Growth and carbon stock change in eucalypt woodlands in northeast Australia: ecological and greenhouse sink implications

Data from 57 permanent monitoring sites are used to document the growth in woody vegetation and estimate the carbon sink in 27 M ha of eucalypt woodlands (savannas), contained within c. 60 M ha of grazed woodlands in Queensland (northeast Australia). The study sites are shown to be representative of the environment and structure of the eucalypt woodlands in the defined study area. Mean basal area increment for all live woody plants in 30 long‐term sites, with an average initial basal area of 11.86 ± 1.38 (SE) m² ha^?1, was 1.06 m² ha^?1 over a mean 14 years timeframe. The majority of the measurement period, commencing between 1982 and 1988, was characterized by below‐average rainfall. The increase in live tree basal area was due primarily to growth of existing trees (3.12 m² ha^?1) rather than establishment of new plants (0.25 m² ha^?1) and was partly offset by death (2.31 m² ha^?1). A simple but robust relationship between stand basal area and stand biomass of all woody species was developed for the eucalypt dominant woodlands. Analysis of above‐ground carbon stocks in live and standing dead woody plants gave a mean net above‐ground annual carbon increment for all 57 sites of 0.53 t C ha^?1 y^?1, similar to values estimated elsewhere in world savannas. Published root : shoot ratios were used to infer C flux in woody root systems on these sites. This results in an estimated sink in above‐ and below‐ground biomass of 18 Mt C y^?1 over the eucalypt woodlands studied, and potentially up to 35 Mt C y^?1 if extended to all grazed woodlands in Queensland. It is suggested that introduction of livestock grazing and altered fire regimes have triggered the change in tree‐grass dominance in these woodlands. Thus, change in carbon stocks in the grazed woodlands of Queensland is identified as an important component of human‐induced greenhouse gas flux in Australia, equivalent in magnitude to c. 25% of the most recently published (1999) total estimated national net emissions. The latter inventory takes into account emissions from land clearing, but does not include the sink identified in the present study. This sequestration also represents a small but significant contribution to the global terrestrial carbon sink.     

Feedback regulation of constant leaf standing crop in Sasa tsuboiana grasslands

The standing crop of current leaves of Sasa tsuboiana was measured on the upper slopes of Mount Horai, Shiga prefecture, central Japan. Upper one-year-old branches in the canopy produced greater mass of current leaves than lower ones. Furthermore, culms in artificially thinned plots produced larger leaf mass per culm than those in control plots. These results reveal that leaf production is positively correlated with light intensity. Therefore, when the leaf standing crop in a given year is somewhat smaller than usual, it may increase in the following year because the branches will receive stronger light. This feedback regulation causes uniformity in the horizontal distribution of the leaf standing crop. The constancy of the leaf standing crop throughout dense stands of different heights indicates that a common equilibrium value of the leaf standing crop exists. This uniform distribution leads to an almost-uniform weak light intensity under the canopy of S. tsuboiana, and can consequently exclude other plant species.     

中国大麦矮秆种质资源的基因分析——Ⅱ.矮秆基因的染色体定位

根据连锁遗传原理,利用全套染色体形态性状标记系,对２０份中国大麦矮秆种质资源的矮秆基因,进行了染色体定位。结果表明：１５份单基因矮秆中,有１份其矮秆基因与宽护颖基因Ｚ连锁,位于２（２Ｈ）染色体短臂上;１０份的矮秆基因与ｕｚ基因等位,由３（３Ｈ）长臂携带;４份的矮秆基因与钩芒基因Ｋ连锁,位于４（４Ｈ）长臂上。５份双基因矮秆中,有３份的矮秆基因分别位于２（２Ｈ）短臂和４（４Ｈ）长臂上;１份的矮秆基因各由其３（３Ｈ）和４（４Ｈ）长臂携带;其余１份的两对矮秆基因,１对与ｕｚ基因等位,由３（３Ｈ）长臂携带,另１对则与宽护颖基因ｗ连锁,位于２（２Ｈ）短臂之上。